![]() 12 A survey of the number of passengers at some stations at rush hours in the mornings suggests that on a daily basis these stations use more than 100% of the estimated capacity at the station's design. Currently, Tehran Subway has owned 20% share of intra-urban transportation in this metropolis, with an average of more than two million trips per day on the five active subway lines in Tehran for more than 1,500,000 passengers. In recent years, developing the operation of Tehran Subway rail transit lines and its popular recognition has yielded to unprecedented levels of density and demand especially at intersections and exchange stations. Iran is a middle-income country, where subway has been constructed and utilized in eight metropolises including the capital city of Tehran. 8- 10 For instance, the sudden braking and stopping of the Guangzhou Subway in 2013 caused the passengers of the last wagon to flee to the front of the wagon with terror leading to a number of injuries due to the stampede of the population. 5- 7 On the other hand, the panic among the population caused by such incidents, precipitates secondary incidents increasing the destructive impact of the whole incidents. ![]() 1- 4 As the 1995 Baku Subway fire in Azerbaijan with more than 286 deaths and 270 injuries, and 2003 Daegu Subway in South Korea with 189 deaths are considered to be the deadliest subway disasters in the world. Despite its critical role in passenger traffic flow in large cities, the underground construction of subway network and the location of the stations might turn an incident to a catastrophe. Population growth as well as increasing demand for subway urban rail transit network throughout the world have changed the subway stations to one of the crowded public places.
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